Method for chemical-mechanical polishing of layers made from metals from the platinum group

ABSTRACT

The invention discloses a method for the chemical-mechanical polishing of layers composed of metals of the group of platinum metals, particularly iridium. In the CMP process, high erosion rates for iridium and a high selectivity relative to silicon oxide are achieved upon employment of a polishing fluid that contains 1 through 6% by weight abrasive particles, 2 through 20% by weight of at least one oxidation agent selected from the group comprising Ce(IV) salts, salts of chloric acid, salts of peroxodisulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide as well as the salts thereof, and 97 through 74% by weight water. This enables the structuring of iridium layers with the assistance of an oxide mask and a CMP process.

[0001] The invention is directed to a method for chemical-mechanical polishing of layers composed of metals from the group of platinum metals, particularly iridium. The invention is also directed to a method for planarizing and/or structuring a metal layer composed of a metal from the platinum group, particularly iridium.

[0002] In order to be able to reproducibly read out the charge stored in a storage capacitor of a memory cell, the capacitance of the storage capacitor should have a value of at least approximately 30 fF. At the same time, the lateral expanse of the capacitor must be constantly reduced for the development of DRAM memory cells in order to be able to achieve further enhancements of the storage densities. These inherently contradictory demands made of the capacitor of the memory cell lead to more and more complex structuring of the capacitor (“trench capacitors”, “stack capacitors”, “crown capacitors”). Accordingly, the manufacture of the capacitor becomes more involved and, thus, more and more expensive.

[0003] Another way of assuring adequate capacitances of the storage capacitors is comprised in employing materials having an extremely dielectric constant between the capacitor electrodes. Recently, new materials, particularly high-ε para-electrics and ferro-electrics, are therefore being employed as dielectric instead of the traditional silicon oxide/silicon nitride, these having a clearly higher, relative dielectric constant (>20) than the traditional silicon oxide/silicon nitride (<8). Given the same capacitance, the capacitor area and, thus, the required complexity of the structuring of the capacitor can thus be clearly diminished. Significant representatives of these materials are barium strontium titanate (BST, (Ba, Sr)TiO₃), lead zirconate titanate (PZT, Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃) or, respectively, lanthanum-doped lead zirconate, titanate or strontium bismuth tantalate (SBT, SrBi₂ Ta₂O₉).

[0004] In addition to traditional DRAM memory modules, ferro-electric memory arrangements, what are referred to as FRAMs, will also play an important part in the future. Compared to traditional memory arrangements such as, for example, DRAMs and SRAMs, ferro-electric memory arrangements have the advantage that the stored information is not lost but remains stored even given an interruption of the voltage supply or, respectively, power supply. This non-volatility of ferro-electric memory arrangements is based on the fact that the polarization impressed by an external electrical field given ferro-electric materials is also essentially retained even after the external electrical field is shutoff. Said new materials such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT, Pb (Zr, Ti)O₃) or, respectively, lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate or strontium bismuth tantalate (SBT, SrBi₂Ta₂O₉) are also utilized for ferro-electric memory arrangements.

[0005] Unfortunately, the employment of the new para-electrics or, respectively, ferro-electrics requires the employment of new electrode materials and barrier materials. The new para-electrics or, respectively, ferro-electrics are usually deposited on electrodes (lower electrode) that are already present. The processing ensues under high temperatures at which the materials which normally make up the capacitor electrodes, thus, for example, doped polysilicon, are easily oxidized and lose their electrically conductive properties, which would lead to the failure of the memory cell.

[0006] Due to their good oxidation resistance and/or the formation of electrically conductive oxides, 4 d and 5 d transition metals, particularly platinum metals such as Ru, Rh Pd, Os, Pt and, particularly, Ir or, respectively, IrO₂, are considered promising candidates that could replace the doped silicon/polysilicon as electrode material and barrier material.

[0007] Unfortunately, the aforementioned electrode and barrier materials newly utilized in integrated circuits belong to a class of materials that are extremely difficult to structure. Due to their chemically inert nature, they are very difficult to etch, so that the etching erosion, even given the employment of “reactive” gases, is based mainly or almost exclusively on the physical part of the etching. For example, iridium was previously usually structured with a dry-etching process. A significant disadvantage of this process is the lacking selectivity of the method caused by the high physical part of the etching. This results therein that only a slight tuness to dimension of the structures can be assured due to the erosion of the masks, which have unavoidably inclined sidewalls. Over and above this, undesired re-depositions on the substrate, on the mask or in the unit employed occur.

[0008] Over and above this, these materials also prove extremely resistant given the employment of what are referred to as CMP processes (chemical mechanical polishing).

[0009] In typical CMP processes, a semiconductor wafer whose surface is to be polished is applied on a wafer carrier and is pressed by this onto an elastic, perforated support (polishing pad) that is attached on a polishing table. The semiconductor wafer and the polishing table and, thus, the polishing support thereby rotate in opposite direction. The polishing support contains a polishing agent (slurry) that also contains active chemical additives in addition to polishing bodies.

[0010] CMP standard methods for planarization and structuring of metal surfaces exist, for example, for tungsten and copper as well as for the materials employed as barrier layer such as Ti, TiN, Ta and TaN. The CMP processes for planarization of polysilicon, silicon oxide and silicon nitride are also prior art.

[0011] Such methods are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patents U.S. Pat. No.5,527,423, U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,928 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,863,838. United States Letters Patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,489 discloses a method for eroding layers of titanium, titanium nitride and aluminum alloys. In this method, polishing agents are utilized that, in addition to containing water, contain an abrasive, for example aluminum oxide, two different oxidation agents, including, among other things, peroxide disulfate (ammonium per sulfate) and hydrogen peroxide, and a stabilizer such as, for example, various phosphone acid derivatives.

[0012] The polishing fluids employed in these methods, however, are not considered it suitable for the erosion of precious metal layers due to the chemical inertness and difficult oxidizability of the precious metals and their oxides such as PtIr or IrO₂. Methods for chemical-mechanical polishing of layers composed of metals from the group of the platinum metals, particularly iridium, have thus not yet been disclosed.

[0013] The present invention is therefore based on the object of offering a method for chemical-mechanical polishing with which layers of metals from the group of platinum metals, particularly iridium, can be polished or, respectively, eroded and/or structured and that assures an adequately high erosion rate.

[0014] This object is achieved by a method for chemical-mechanical polishing of layers composed of metals from the platinum metals, particularly iridium, according to patent claim 1. Further, a method for planarizing and/or structuring layers composed of metals from the platinum metals, particularly iridium is also disclosed according to patent claim 17. Further advantageous embodiments, developments and aspects of the present invention derive from the dependent claims, from the specification and from the attached drawings.

[0015] Inventively, a method is offered for chemical-mechanical polishing of layers composed of metals from the group of platinum metals, particularly iridium, that comprises the following steps:

[0016] a layer of a metal of the platinum group is prepared, a polishing fluid is prepared that contains 1 through 6% by weight abrasive particles. Further, the polishing fluid contains 2 through 20% by weight of at least one oxidation agent that is selected from the group comprising Ce(IV) salts, salts of chloric acid, salts of peroxodisulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide as well as the salts thereof. Over and above this, the polishing fluid contains 97 through 74% by weight water. The metal layer is chemical-mechanically polished with the assistance of the polishing fluid.

[0017] The inventive method offers a method in which the material erosion of the layer to be polished ensues by chemical and mechanical erosion and not merely by means of a chemical etching. As a result thereof, the utilization of chemical-mechanical polishing for a structuring reaction-inert and oxidation-resistant metal layers such as layers composed of metals from the platinum group, particularly iridium is enabled. With the method, for example, erosion rates of 30 through 60 nm/min can be achieved, for example, for iridium layers. The re-polishing of iridium layers having thicknesses of between 50 and 150 nm typical for memory manufacture can thus be accomplished in less than three minutes. The erosion rate of iridium in the inventive method is significantly higher than that of silicon dioxide. As a result thereof, a silicon dioxide mask can be utilized in the structuring of an iridium layer without this being significantly eroded in the CMP step and losing its dimensional precision due to the edge slope.

[0018] Over and above this the polishing fluid employed in the method exhibits only slight corosivity and thus enables the utilization of traditional materials and utensiles as are regularly utilized for chemical-mechanical polishing.

[0019] The inventive CMP method achieves surface roughnesses that are comparable to those of an already established Cu-CMP process. Thus, the roughness usually amounts to about 0.5 through 2 mm and the maximum depth of scratches is approximately 5 through 15 nm.

[0020] The abrasive particles preferably exhibit a Mohs hardness of more than 7. When the inventive method is employed for chemical-mechanical polishing of iridium, it is preferred when the abrasive particles exhibit a Mohs hardness of more than 9. The term “Mohs hardness” as employed in this application refers to the hardness classification of hard metals according to Mohs's hardness scale.

[0021] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the polishing fluid additionally comprises 2 through 10% by weight of a stabilizer selected from the group comprising polyacrylic acid or derivatives of phosphonic acid. This stabilizer assures a stable suspension of the abrasive in the polishing fluid. The proportion of the stabilizer in the polishing fluid preferably amounts to between 2 and 5% by weight, particularly 3% by weight. Polycrylic acid having a mol weight of 500 through 10000 g/mol, preferably 1000 through 5000 g/mol, particularly approximately 2000 g/mol, is preferably utilized as stabilizer.

[0022] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, abrasive particles are selected from the group comprising α-aluminum oxide and/or diamond. In general, abrasive particles of one type or mixtures from the various suitable types of abrasive particles can be employed in the inventive method. The proportion of abrasive particles in the polishing solution preferably amounts to between 1 and 3% by weight, particularly 1% by weight.

[0023] The abrasive particles utilized in the inventive method preferably have a diameter of less than approximately 1 μm.

[0024] In other preferred embodiments of the inventive method, the Ce(VI) salt ammonium cerium nitrate, (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆, is employed as oxidation agent. In this case, the polishing fluid preferably contains 5 through 20% by weight, preferably 7 through 15% by weight, particularly 10% by weight, of the oxidation agent.

[0025] The employment of potassium chlorate, KClO₄, as oxidation agent is likewise preferred. In this case, a proportion of up to 15% by weight, preferably 5 through 10% by weight, particularly 10% by weight potassium chloride is preferred in the polishing fluid. In the embodiments of the inventive method wherein salts of peroxodisulfuric acid are employed as oxidation agent, the employment of ammonium peroxide disulfate, (NH₄)₂S₂O₈, is preferred. A proportion of 2 through 10% by weight, preferably 5 through 10% by weight, particularly 10% by weight of the oxidation agent in the polishing fluid is thereby preferred.

[0026] When hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂, is utilized in the inventive method as oxidation agent, then the proportion thereof in the polishing fluid preferably amounts to 2 through 10% by weight, particularly 5% by weight.

[0027] In another advantageous development of the inventive method, the pH value of the polishing fluid is greater than 1; in particular, a pH value of between 2 and 12 is preferred; a pH value of between 4 and 9 is especially preferred.

[0028] The chemical-mechanical polishing step in the inventive method is preferably implemented given a polishing pressure of 20.7 through 82.8 kPa (3 through 12 psi), preferably 34.5 through 69 kPa (5 through 10 psi), particularly 41.4 through 55.2 kPa (6 through 8 psi) and given an additional pressure onto the backside of the wafer (back-pressure) of 0 through 34.5 kPa (0 through 5 psi), particularly 20.7 through 27.6 kPa (3 through 4 psi). The velocities of the wafer carriers and of the polishing plate employed in the chemical-mechanical polishing step of the inventive method preferably amounts to 20 through 70 rpm, particularly preferably 40 through 70 rpm, particularly 60 through 70 rpm. The flow rate of the polishing fluid onto the surface of the substrate to be polished preferably amounts to 50 through 150 ml/min, particularly 60 through 100 ml/min, during the chemical-mechanical polishing.

[0029] Inventively, a method is also offered for planarization and/or structuring of a metal layer composed of a metal for the platinum group, particularly iridium, that comprises the following steps: a pre-structured substrate is prepared. A metal layer composed of a metal from the platinum group, particularly iridium is applied on the surface of the substrate, at least in sub-regions thereof. The metal layer composed of the metal of the platinum group is planarized and/or structured according to the method for chemical-mechanical polishing of layers composed of metals from the platinum metals, particularly iridium.

[0030] This inventive method offers the advantage that electrodes and barriers for highly integrated DRAMs of platinum metals, particularly iridium, can also be structured with CMP steps while avoiding dry-etching steps. Due to the high selectivity of the CMP steps between iridium and silicon dioxide, this can be set such that it has nearly ended as soon as the mask surface of silicon dioxide has been reached. When the CMP process is ended at this point in time, then the iridium layer to be structured is obtained such as prescribed by the mask surface. Geometry distortions due to chemical or mechanically attacked silicon dioxide masks are largely precluded.

[0031] The invention is explained in greater detail below on the basis of Figures. Shown are:

[0032] FIGS. 1-7 an inventive method for structuring an iridium layer.

[0033]FIGS. 1 through 7 show the process steps of an embodiment of the method for structuring an iridium layer with the assistance of the CMP process for the manufacture of a barrier layer for DRAM/FeRAM storage capacitors.

[0034] First, a silicon substrate 1 having field effect transistors 4 that have already been finished is prepared, this respectively comprising two diffusion zones 2 and a gate 3 (FIG. 1). Whereas the diffusion zones together with the transistor channel are arranged at the surface of the substrate, the gate 3 is separated from the channel via a gate oxide. The conductivity of the transistor channel between the two diffusion zones can be controlled via the gate 3. Together with the storage capacitors that are yet to be produced, the transistors respectively form a binary memory cell. The transistors 4 are produced according to methods known from the prior art that are not explained in detail here.

[0035] An insulating layer 5, for example a SiO₂ layer, is applied onto the silicon substrate 1 with the transistors 4. Dependent on the method employed for the manufacture of the transistors 4, a plurality of insulating layers can also be applied. The structure deriving therefrom is shown in FIG. 1.

[0036] Subsequently, the via holes 6 are produced with a phototechnique. These via holes produce a connection between the transistors 4 and the storage capacitors that are yet to be generated. The via holes 6, for example, are generated by means of an anisotropic etching with fluorine-containing gases. The structure deriving therefrom is shown in FIG. 2.

[0037] Subsequently, a conductive material 7, for example polysilicon doped in situ, is applied onto the structure. This can occur, for example, with a CVD process. Due to the application of the conductive material 7, the via holes 6 are completely filled and an interconnected conductive layer arises on the insulating layer 5 (FIG. 3). This is followed by a CMP step (chemical mechanical polishing) that removes the interconnected layer on the surface of the insulating layer and generates a planar surface. Only the polysilicon in the via holes remains (FIG. 4).

[0038] Thereafter, depressions are etched into the insulating layer 5 in a photolithographic way, overlapping with the via holes (FIG. 5). Accordingly, Step a) of the inventive method has been ended, a substrate has been prepared. Moreover, the insulating layer 5 together with the depressions acts like a mask for structuring the iridium barriers that are yet to be produced.

[0039] In order to fill these depressions in the silicon oxide 5 with Ir as barrier material, a Ir layer 8 is first deposited surface-wide on the substrate. The generation of Ir layer 8 can, for example, ensue by means of a sputtering of iridium. This is then followed by the inventive CMP step with which the Ir layer 8 is eroded down to the insulating layer 5 that serves as mask (FIG. 7). In this way, the barriers are generated above the polysilicon plugs. After the production of the barriers, the lower electric, the dielectric/ferro-electric layer and the upper electrode are generated (not shown). Accordingly, a memory cell having a selection transistor and a storage capacitor has been produced. Thereafter, the metallization and the passivation of the component part can be generated in a known way.

[0040] Exemplary embodiments of the inventive chemical-mechanical polishing method are described below. An iridium layer is thereby chemical-mechanically polished on a substrate of silicon oxide.

[0041] Polishing systems of the type Westech 472 for 6-inch wafers were employed for all of the following exemplary embodiments. The erosion rates and the selectivity were measured on non-structured wafers.

Exemplary Embodiment 1

[0042] A suspension of aluminum oxide nano particles (CR 30 of the Baikowsky Company) in de-ionized water was prepared. Subsequently, ammonium cerium nitrate, (NH₄₎ ₂Ce(NO₆₎ ₃ as oxidation agent and polyacrylic acid having a mol weight of approximately 2000 g/mol as stabilizer were added to the suspension. The proportion of aluminum oxide particles amounted to 1% by weight and that of the ammonium cerium nitrate amounted to 10% of weight, and that of the polyacrylic acid amounted to 3% by weight. The pH value of the polishing fluid amounted to 1.5. A polishing pad of the type Rodel IC1000 k-grooved on Suba IV was employed as support for the wafer. Alternatively, a polishing pad of the type Rodel IC1000 k-grooved on Suba IV only could be employed as well. A film of the type Standard Rodel T3 was employed as “backing film”.

[0043] The process parameters were set in the following way:

[0044] a.) Polishing pressure: 55.2 kPa (8 psi)

[0045] b.) Back pressure: 0 kPa (0 psi)

[0046] c.) Rotational velocity:

[0047] Wafer carrier: 62 rpm

[0048] Polishing plate: 65 rpm

[0049] d.) Polishing fluid flow rate: 100 ml/min

[0050] Erosion rate and selectivity of the method are listed in Table 1.

Applied Example 2

[0051] A suspension of aluminum oxide nano particles (CR 30 of the Baikowsky Company) in de-ionized water was prepared. Subsequently, potassium chlorate, KClO₃, was added to the suspension as oxidation agent. The addition of a stabilizer was foregone. The proportion of the aluminum oxide particles amounted to 1% by weight and that of the potassium chlorate amounted to 10% by weight. A polishing pad of the type Rodel IC1000 k-grooved on Suba IV was employed as support for the wafer. A film of the type Standard Rodel T3 was employed as “backing film”.

[0052] The process parameters were set in the following way:

[0053] a.) Polishing pressure: 41.4 kPa (6 psi)

[0054] b.) Back pressure: 0 kPa (0 psi)

[0055] c.) Rotational velocity:

[0056] Wafer carrier: 62 rpm

[0057] Polishing plate: 65 rpm

[0058] d.) Polishing fluid flow rate: 60 ml/min

[0059] Erosion rate and selectivity of the method are listed in Table 1.

Exemplary Embodiment 3

[0060] A suspension of aluminum oxide nano particles (CR 30 of the Baikowsky Company) in de-ionized water was prepared. Subsequently, ammonium peroxide disulfate, (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ as oxidation agent was added to the suspension. The addition of a stabilizer was foregone. The proportion of aluminum oxide particles amounted to 1% by weight and that of the ammonium peroxide disulfate amounted to 10% of weight. The pH value of the polishing fluid amounted to 4.

[0061] A polishing pad of the type Rodel IC 1000 k-grooved on Suba IV was employed as support for the wafer. A film of the type Standard Rodel T3 was employed as “backing film”.

[0062] The process parameters were set in the following way:

[0063] a.) Polishing pressure: 55.2 kPa (8 psi)

[0064] b.) Back pressure: 24.15 kPa (3.5 psi)

[0065] c.) Rotational velocity:

[0066] Wafer carrier: 62 rpm

[0067] Polishing plate: 65 rpm

[0068] d.) Polishing fluid flow rate: 100 ml/min

[0069] Erosion rate and selectivity of the method are listed in Table 1.

Exemplary embodiment 4

[0070] A suspension of aluminum oxide nano particles (CR 30 of the Baikowsky Company) in de-ionized water was prepared. Subsequently, hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂ as oxidation agent was added to the suspension. The addition of a stabilizer was foregone. The proportion of aluminum oxide particles amounted to 1% by weight and that of the hydrogen peroxide amounted to 5% by weight. A polishing pad of the type Rodel Suba IV only was employed as support for the wafer. A film of the type Standard Rodel T3 was employed as “backing film”.

[0071] The process parameters were set in the following way:

[0072] a.) Polishing pressure: 55.2 kPa (8 psi)

[0073] b.) Back pressure: 0 kPa (0 psi)

[0074] c.) Rotational velocity:

[0075] Wafer carrier: 62 rpm

[0076] Polishing plate: 65 rpm

[0077] d.) Polishing fluid flow rate: 90 ml/min

[0078] Erosion rate and selectivity of the method are listed in Table 1. TABLE 1 Erosion Rate Selectivity Example {nm/min} Ir:SiO₂ (TEOS) 1 30 30:1 2 14 — 3 20 20:1 4 60  1:2

[0079] The inventive method can be employed as a single-stage or as a two-stage or, respectively, multi-stage method. Given a single-stage method, work is carried out during the processing time with a fixed set of process parameters or, respectively, a prescribed polishing fluid. Given a two-stage or, respectively, multi-stage method, the process parameters and/or the polishing fluid are varied during the processing time. For chemical-mechanical polishing or iridium, for example, the start can be made with a method according to exemplary embodiment 4 and a switch to a method according to exemplary embodiment 1 can be made after a prescribed time. In this way, the overall processing time can be shortened and an adequate selectivity can nonetheless be assured. 

1. Method for chemical-mechanical polishing of layers composed of metals from the group of platinum metals, particularly iridium, comprising the following steps: a) a layer of a metal of the platinum group is prepared, b) a polishing fluid is prepared, whereby the polishing fluid contains ba) 1 through 6% by weight abrasive particles having a Mohs hardness of at least 9, bb) 2 through 20% by weight of at least one oxidation agent selected from the group comprising Ce(IV) salts, salts of chloric acid, salts of peroxodisulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide as well as the salts thereof, and bc) 97 through 74% by weight water, and c) the metal layer is chemical-mechanically polished with the assistance of the polishing fluid.
 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the polishing fluid additionally contains 2 through 10% by weight of a stabilizer selected from the group comprising polyacrylic acid or derivatives of phosphone acid.
 3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the polishing fluid contains 5 through 20% by weight, preferably 7 through 10% by weight, particularly 10% by weight ammonium cerium nitrate, (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₆)₃, as oxidation agent.
 4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the polishing fluid contains 2 through 15% by weight, preferably 5 through 10% by weight, particularly 10% by weight potassium chlorate, KClO₃, as oxidation agent.
 5. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the polishing fluid contains 2 through 10% by weight, preferably 5 through 10% by weight, particularly 10% by weight ammonium peroxide disulfate, (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ [sic}, as oxidation agent.
 6. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the polishing fluid contains 2 through 10% by weight, particularly 5% by weight hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂, as oxidation agent.
 7. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the polyacrylic acid employed as stabilizer exhibits a mol weight of 500 through 10000 g/mol, preferably 1000 through 5000 g/mol, particularly about 2000 g/mol.
 8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the part of the stabilizer in the polishing fluid amounts to between 2 and 5% by weight, particularly 3% by weight.
 9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the part of the abrasive material in the polishing fluid amounts to between 1 and 3% by weight, particularly 1% by weight.
 10. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the abrasive particles are selected from the group comprising a-aluminum oxide and/or diamond.
 11. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the chemical-mechanical polishing step c) is implemented given a polishing pressure of 3 through 12 psi, preferably 10 through 5 psi, particularly 6 through 8 psi.
 12. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the chemical-mechanical polishing step c) is implemented given an additional pressure of 0 through 5 psi, particularly 3 through 4 psi, on the back side of the wafer.
 13. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the rotational velocities of the wafer carrier employed in the chemical-mechanical polishing step c) and of the polishing plate amounts [sic] to 20 through 70 rpm, preferably 40 through 70 rpm, particularly 60 through 70 rpm.
 14. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the flow rate of the polishing fluid onto the surface of the substrate to be polished during the chemical-mechanical polishing step c) amounts to 50 through 150 ml/min, particularly 60 through 100 ml/min.
 15. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pH value of the polishing fluid is greater than
 1. 16. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pH value of the polishing fluid amounts to between 2 and 12, preferably between 4 and
 9. 17. Method for planarizing and/or structuring a metal layer composed of a metal from the platinum group, particularly iridium, comprising the following steps: a) a pre-structured substrate is prepared; b) a metal layer composed of a metal from the platinum group, particularly iridium, is applied in at least sub-regions of the surface of the substrate; c) the metal layer composed of the metal of the platinum group is planarized and/or structured according to the method according to claims 1 through
 16. 18. Method according to claim 17, characterized in that a mask, preferably of silicon oxide, is applied onto the substrate before the application of the metal layer. 